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; Text file for EZHELP.EXE or EZHELP.COM, a menu-driven environment
; for screen/printer output. Place EZHELP and this file in the same
; directory and type EZHELP.
;
; Except as specified in the "User-Added Information" section below,
; no alterations may be made. Doing so violates the copyright, and may
; make this file unusable with the help program. Use well, and enjoy.
;
9 January 1990
9
PRINTOK
TITLE: EASYTYPE USER MANUAL
USERS MANUAL
-- for --
******** ****** ******** ** ** ******** ** ** ****** ******** tm
** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **
****** ******** ******** ** ** ** ****** ******
** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **
******** ** ** ******** ** ** ** ** ********
THE INTELLIGENT WORD PROCESSING TO TYPESETTING TRANSLATOR
-- with --
A GUIDE TO CREATING WORD PROCESSING FILES FOR TYPESETTING
EASYTYPE / EZHELP Edition 3 License: $49.95
Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990, J. W. Olsen
All Rights Reserved
Advocate Enterprises, Ltd.
Chicago
~ (Menu)
====================== EZHELP Run-Time Menu ==================
= Q - QUIT Program =
= A - ALL SECTIONS of File =
= 1 - Becoming Acquainted, Installation & Invoking EASYTYPE =
= 2 - Word Processing Files for Typesetting: The Basics =
= 3 - Beyond the Basics =
= 4 - EASYTYPE Run-Time Functions =
= 5 - Especially for Typesetters =
= 6 - Itemized EASYTYPE Translation Routines & File Analysis =
= 7 - (User-Added Information) =
= 8 - License Agreement, Credits & Disclaimer =
================================================================
~(Section 1)
<< BECOMING ACQUAINTED, INSTALLATION & INVOKING EASYTYPE >>
INTRODUCTION
EASYTYPE translates the files of most computer word processing
programs into the format of most typesetting systems. In addition to
a Generic/ASCII mode which handles standard "ASCII" files most word
processors can create, this EASYTYPE version also offers special
modes which directly translate codes unique to text files created by
industry-leading WordPerfect and WordStar. (Note: See discussion
later in this section for discussion of special-format files from
the latter programs.)
By use of EASYTYPE, you agree to the terms and conditions of
the License Agreement in Section 8.
EASYTYPE is currently available for MS-DOS/PC-DOS and more
than 100 CP/M computers. A minimum configuration of one disk drive
and 128K memory (PC/MS-DOS) or 64K (CP/M) will run the standard
release. For information about EASYTYPE for other programs,
computers, configurations and typesetters, please inquire. (Contact
information appears in Section 8.)
This manual covers two subjects. It provides the mostly
common-sense basics of preparing word processor files for
typesetting. And, it introduces the powerful features of EASYTYPE
itself, which permit you to largely ignore conventional needs when
preparing word processing files for typesetting.
Don't let the size of EZHELP deter you. EASYTYPE offers a
striking number of advanced features you can learn as needs and
desire dictate. Unless typesetter-specific installation is required
(see below), you actually could begin without EZHELP. As its name
implies, EASYTYPE is very easy to use. But you'll be more productive
if you first pick up a few tips. And remember, EZHELP is menu
driven, so you can find what you want, when you want it.
You'll find much of this manual is reference material rather
than instructional. If EASYTYPE points out a potential problem in
the original text file, this manual explains what it is, and what to
do about it.
So take the time to understand the general content and
structure of this help file--time well spent.
With EASYTYPE, for the first time ever anyone familiar with
word processing already knows how to prepare basic typesetting
files--without having to learn a single typesetting command or term.
However, moving beyond some outdated habits as outlined herein makes
the typesetting process easier, faster, more aesthetic and less
expensive.
Unlike alternative approaches to file translation, EASYTYPE
is intelligent. Once you've used it you won't be able to manage
without it. Other programs "translate" word processing files simply
by removing characters which might confuse the typesetting program.
They also turn all line endings into "hard" ones, which must be
individually removed by the typesetter. EASYTYPE is intelligent
enough to truly translate word processing codes to typesetting
codes. And EASYTYPE has the powerful additional capabilities of
macro keys. So if an author wants to do something of which word
processing is incapable (size of characters is one example), this
can be conveyed EXACTLY as the typesetting program expects. Or, if
you're unsure of all those codes, you can still use the macros.
Later, the typographer can run EASYTYPE or typesetting editor to
make quick, accurate mass substitutions. (EASYTYPE can replace up to
THIRTEEN macros in a SINGLE pass.) In registered versions, unlimited
macro Configuration Files can be freely saved to and retrieved from
disk, and modified at any time. EASYTYPE offers much more . . . but
we'll contain ourselves--for now!
Note that WordStar and WordPerfect can output numerous types
of file formats. The respective special modes of EASYTYPE convert
the normal TEXT files of these programs. For example, WordStar files
created in "nondocument" mode and WordPerfect files output with the
"DOS" format option--generally unwise for typesetting--are actually
ASCII files, covered in Section 2, below. Beginning with Version 5.0
these word processors added limited GRAPHICS capabilities. These
should be removed prior to running EASYTYPE. Otherwise, EASYTYPE
must remove them to avoid major problems for typesetting. But
results will be unpredictable at best. Instead, use the output
facilities of version 5.0 or later of these word processors to
generate files compatible with their earlier versions FIRST. In
WordPerfect, use control-F5 to enter the "text in/out" menu and
select output to WP 4.2 format. In WordStar, use the "Print"
function, entering "WS4 > FILENAME" at the "Name of printer?" query-
-replacing FILENAME with a filename of your choice. (Better: Use the
earlier versions themselves!) Note that some of the "graphics" may
actually be inserted "boxed" text. The word processors can drop
these during conversion. Best advice: Insert the "boxed" copy as
ordinary text and include a "comment to typesetter" (discussed in
next section) so it can be handled in a normal professional manner
in the printer's darkroom later.
Note too that "WordStar 2000" files--created by an entirely
different program by that name--are ENTIRELY different from WordStar
files. As such, they too must be converted before running EASYTYPE
or use by a typesetter.
Thus, throughout this manual, "WordPerfect" and "WordStar"
refer to normal text files created by programs by the same name.
EASYTYPE was created for our own media arts studio and its
clients--a program by and for typesetters, authors, editors and
computerists. But everyone involved (including the manufacturer of
microVISION, the typesetting interface we use!) thought it was so
valuable that we decided to share its benefits with others at
minimal cost.
Comments and questions about EASYTYPE and its help file are
encouraged. The first person to suggest an idea which is implemented
will receive a complimentary copy of the enhanced version.
INSTALLATION
Please ensure you received all files. (Note to CP/M users: All
".EXE" filetypes will be replaced with ".COM".)
AEHELP.EXE *Access help files for ALL Advocate products
AEORDER.EXE Product descriptions and licensing form
AEORDER.HLP Text file for AEORDER
AHDINSTL.COM *Fully-automated hard-disk installation program
EASYTYPE.FOR !Brief description of product (suitable for use as a
description when uploading to a BBS)
EASYTYPE.HIS History of revisions
EASYTYPE.HLP Text file you're now reading
EZ-SHARE.EXE Main program (includes shareware notice)
or EASYTYPE.EXE Main program (registered version)
EZCFG300.EXE *Converts configuration files from all EASYTYPE
formats prior to v. 3.00 to current format
EZHELP.EXE Program which displays this text file
EZINFO.TXT General systems requirements
EZMONEY.COM How to earn Finder's Fees, & distributorship info
EZSAMPLE.ASC Sample ASCII file for testing
EZSAMPLE.WP Sample WordPerfect file for testing
EZSAMPLE.WS Sample WordStar file for testing
README-T.COM !Introductory material and/or latest change info
Notes: * MS-DOS/PC-DOS only
+ Registration bonus utility (MS-DOS/PC-DOS only)
! Optional file. If present, READ BEFORE INSTALLING
THIS PRODUCT IF YOU HAVE NOT YET DONE SO. It may
contain important updates to this HELP file.
IMPORTANT NOTICE TO SHAREWARE-VERSION USERS: Throughout this manual,
when advised to invoke the program with the name EASYTYPE, please be
sure to substitute EZ-SHARE instead. The use of different filenames
is a safeguard so that after registration you'll have a copy of both
your legally licensed version and a copy you may pass along to
others who want to examine the program. When you register, by simply
copying all files supplied at that time into the same directory as
your shareware version your operating system will automatically
update any files belonging to the shareware version to bring them up
to date while leaving shareware-specific files untouched.
If new to ordering software, note that distribution disks don't
contain "operating system tracks" because of the exceptional costs
we would have to pass along. So, to get started, you'll need to make
copies of these files before using them. Also, you'll want to
install the above files to best advantage. It's quick and easy....
MS-DOS/PC-DOS Hard Disk Systems
You may either use the accompanying AHDINSTL.COM installation
program (which we STRONGLY recommend) or manually install all files.
Each is covered separately immediately below.
AUTOMATIC INSTALLATION: AHDINSTL.COM will do it all for you--
copy all files to your hard disk, ensure they're accessible from
ANYWHERE on your system and inform your operating system about how
to use Advocate Enterprises products to maximum potential. All YOU
need to know before using the program are the drive letters of the
floppy drive containing your new files and the hard drive from which
you "boot" (start up) your system each day. (These are almost always
A: and C:, respectively, which are defaults AHDINSTL uses unless you
change them.) Also, it is presumed your system already knows how to
access its COMMAND.COM, a basic operating system program whose
services AHDINSTL accesses.
The following text details the tasks the automatic
installation program performs. If you aren't technically oriented,
you may want to simply skip this discussion and jump to the "All
Systems" heading later in this section. Knowledge of the following
isn't essential except in the unlikely event you experience
installation difficulty.
AHDINSTL performs these steps during installation:
1) It finds (or if necessary creates) a directory named AD_ENT
off the root directory of the drive you indicate as your "boot"
drive. (Some Advocate products can provide extra features if they
use this same directory.)
2) Your AUTOEXEC.BAT file (used by the operating system to set
up your environment each time you start your computer) is inspected
for a "PATH" command. If found, the new AD_ENT directory is appended
to it so Advocate products are accessible from anywhere on your
system. If no PATH command (or no AUTOEXEC.BAT file) is found, it is
created.
3) If your AUTOEXEC.BAT file contains no previous Advocate
Enterprises "SET" command, one is added. (Advocate products use this
to determine their "home directory." This expands features without
affecting other programs in your system.)
4) If you had a prior AUTOEXEC.BAT file, it is saved as
AUTOEXEC.BAK as a precaution. The only time you're ever likely to
need it is if you have too many or very long prior SET commands. In
that case, the operating system will advise next time you start up
that you are "out of environment space." (AHDINSTL uses VERY little
environment block space. So if you've reached your current
environment limit with our installer, you'll soon run into it with
another product anyway.) The solution is easy. See the discussion of
the CONFIG.SYS file's "SHELL" command in your operating system
manual. (Contact us as indicated in Section 6 if you need further
help.)
5) You will be offered the chance to have AHDINSTL "coldboot"
(restart) your computer when it's done. This immediately activates
the changes the program makes for you; otherwise, the operating
system won't know about most of them until the next time you restart
the computer. This is provided as a convenience for you. IMPORTANT:
DON'T coldboot if you're currently running other applications in the
background. (Coldbooting is equivalent to telling your computer to
forget everything it's doing and start over just as if you had
turned it on for the day.) Now, see "All Systems," below.
MANUAL INSTALLATION: You may simply copy all files into a
directory of your choice with a favorite copy program. Just ensure
that directory is on your PATH so our products, like others, may be
accessed from anywhere on your system. We also strongly urge you to
add a "SET" command EARLY in your AUTOEXEC.BAT file so you may most
fully exploit our product's potential. We assume if you're doing
this manually you're familiar with how to properly edit that file.
The command to add begins with:
SET ADENT=
and followed IMMEDIATELY by the drive AND directory containing your
new product. Note that spacing, etc., MUST be in exactly the above
format. The operating system treats them literally. In particular,
ensure there are no trailing spaces after the drive and directory.
Example:
SET ADENT=C:\UTILITIES
Your operating system won't offer the benefits of this new command
until the NEXT time you restart your computer.
Most Advocate products work properly without the SET command,
but you won't be able to use AEHELP.EXE, which must know the
directory containing your Advocate files so they may access those
files. Also, note that without the SET command this program's help
program (which you're now reading) as well as AEORDER (description
of products and registration program) can ONLY be accessed FROM THE
DIRECTORY WHERE THEY RESIDE.
CP/M Hard Disk Systems
Boot your computer on its hard disk as usual and select a directory
for all the new files. Note that the this help program and the
AEORDER program expect to find their associated text files in the
same directory.) Then, copy ALL new files to your hard disk. Now,
see "All Systems," below.
All Floppy-Disk-Only Systems
Format a blank disk and add your operating system as usual, add
your favorite file copying utility, and place that disk in drive A:.
Place the new distribution disk in drive B:. Now, copy all files
from B: to A:.
IMPORTANT NOTE TO MS-DOS/PC-DOS FLOPPY-SYSTEM-ONLY USERS: See
the discussion on the AUTOEXEC.BAT "SET" command under "MANUAL
INSTALLATION," above. The command you'll probably want to add to
your AUTOEXEC.BAT file is ONE of the following, depending which
drive you expect to use to access Advocate products. (This command
isn't essential, but does permit you to use AEHELP.EXE.)
SET ADENT=A:\
SET ADENT=B:\
All Systems
Use ONLY the working copies you create. Thwart Murphy's Law by
safely storing the originals--just in case.
Some typesetting programs have unique requirements for
various things, such as how their files store line ends and
nonprinting "comments." EASYTYPE is distributed with defaults which
probably will work just fine with your typesetter. Try any of the
supplied test files. Run it through EASYTYPE, then typeset it. If
problems arise, make a few simple changes discussed in Section 4.
After you've determined any nonstandard needs of your typesetter,
you can save a Configuration File which alters defaults. When ready
to register your copy (see the AEORDER program), include your
Configuration File and we'll send the latest version of EASYTYPE
with YOUR preferences as the defaults.
NOTE TO MICROVISION USERS: The earliest releases of EASYTYPE
were written especially for your interfaces. Though compatibility
for most other typesetters has been added, you will find default
values remain appropriate.
After familiarizing yourself with this file (and the one with a name
similar to README.COM, if present, which contains late-breaking
updates to this manual), follow its procedures and run EASYTYPE in
its WordPerfect mode on EZSAMPLE.WP, an ordinary WordPerfect file
supplied for your convenience. (Enter any name for the typesetting
output file.) The first time you run EASYTYPE, we suggest you skip
all its powerful options. When you've supplied some basic
information (filenames and such), EASYTYPE will jump to work, then
provide its copyrighted file analysis. From the summary, you'll find
EZSAMPLE.WP was a well-prepared WordPerfect file.
When done, select WordStar mode and use EZSAMPLE.WS as the
file. This time EASYTYPE's file analysis reveals serious errors.
Though the test file was created with everyday WordStar commands,
you'll discover numerous operator errors (such as unpaired "bold"
commands--which WordStar fails to catch, but not so EASYTYPE!). On
most terminals, error messages flash to ensure attention.
If desired, select Generic/ASCII mode and try EZSAMPLE.ASC.
We might note that, while working, EASYTYPE checks the word
processing file for clues about whether it was created by the
program you chose (WordStar, WordPerfect, etc.). For outright
improper files, the analysis screen skips statistics and just tells
you it was a bad file. Running EZSAMPLE.WS in EASYTYPE's WordPerfect
mode provides an example. For less questionable files, the analysis
screen reports all problems encountered. EZSAMPLE.WP in EASYTYPE's
WordStar mode provides an example. In all cases, the output file is
saved, with all unexpected characters flagged for typesetter
attention. EZHELP discusses specifics.
You may want to go back and perform similar tests, but this
time "play" with EASYTYPE's main menu functions. After you've had
enough, compare the various files you created with the originals by
reading each with a typesetting editor, if possible. (WordStar also
can be used. But if so, ignore the "hyphens" in the right margin.
They simply indicate line endings are no longer what WordStar
expects--they are now in typesetting format!) You'll be surprised
how much EASYTYPE has done for you.
NOTE: EASYTYPE uses video codes specific to your computer to
highlight and otherwise display information. In the unlikely event
you receive an inappropriate version, simply return the original
disk and we'll be happy to replace it. Be sure to tell us the make
and model of computer. And, if possible, send a photocopy of the
video codes page from your operator's manual.
We've made sweeping enhancements beginning with version 3.00
to accommodate a broad range of available typesetter and interface
programs. But there are always enhancements to better interact with
such a variety of software. We'll work with you if you have ideas,
run into difficulties--whatever. And, we'll supply you with a
complimentary enhanced version containing any of your suggestions we
implement. This benefits you and all EASYTYPE customers. Help us to
serve you better. Contact information is found in Section 8.
INVOKING EASYTYPE
You can just type EASYTYPE to begin normal use. However, when
registered, you also can automatically include any of an unlimited
number of Configuration Files by typing the name of the file on the
command line. For example, with a Configuration File named EZMAIN
you would type EASYTYPE EZMAIN. (As noted previously, be sure to
type EZ-SHARE or EZ-SHARE EZMAIN for shareware versions.) This
ensures your EXACT settings are invoked each time, and makes the
settings within EZMAIN the "defaults" every time you use EASYTYPE's
"restore default conditions" function. You also can load a
Configuration File from within EASYTYPE at any time. So, if you have
different requirements for different projects, or you use a single
copy of EASYTYPE with more than one typesetting machine, you can
change the configuration automatically. (You also can change
individual elements of the current configuration at any time--and
create a new Configuration File, or replace the old one, if
desired.)
More advanced users may want to create "batch" (MS/PC-DOS) or
"submit" (CP/M) files to automatically load EASYTYPE and a specific
Configuration File with a one-word command. See your operating
system manual or computer consultant for details. (Or, if you have
registered your EASYTYPE, feel free to contact us.)
Remember, Configuration Files aren't required. They just let
you "fine tune" EASYTYPE's output files to individual preferences.
ADDITIONAL COMMENTS
MS-DOS/PC-DOS users have received at no charge a special utility
which takes advantage of some features of their operating system.
AEHELP.EXE provides a convenient, single access point to the main
help and registration information for ALL of our products which have
properly been installed according to the above instructions. AEHELP
also assures you access to all help files from ANYWHERE on your
system--avoiding the need to be in the same directory as a help
program's text file. (If you have other Advocate Enterprises
products, you may maximize their use simply by placing them in your
newly created Advocate directory.)
MANUAL CONVENTIONS: Throughout the manual, reference is made to
"flag"/"flagged" and "comment" delimiters. These will be discussed
later. As released, these are "<" and ">" for "flag" delimiters and
"<*" and "*>" for comment delimiters. We use these defaults
throughout the manual when referring to flag and comment delimiters.
If your installed version of EASYTYPE substitutes new codes for
these, make note of this fact when reading related manual text.
If you like EASYTYPE, be sure to inquire about EASYDATA, a
companion program which converts DATA-processing files for
typesetting.
Please see AEORDER, which outlines the shareware review
process and terms under which EASYTYPE and EASYDATA are distributed.
It also provides a printable form for registering shareware copies.
And note EZMONEY, which describes how you can earn a nice little sum
by introducing others to the advantages of EASYTYPE and EASYDATA.
~ (Section 2)
<< THE BASICS FOR WRITERS & EDITORS >>
EASYTYPE translates virtually anything in word processing files, but
a few tips make files much more efficient for typesetting.
LINE ENDINGS: Typesetting will break lines at different places than
word processors. So your files should reflect the difference between
"temporary" line-ends and those you want the typesetter to be sure
to keep. EASYTYPE does this for you . . . if you follow a simple
rule: NEVER PRESS THE RETURN KEY UNLESS YOU INTEND A "PERMANENT"
LINE END. This is the way you probably already do it, but it is so
critical it warrants emphasis. Basically, just let your word
processor handle line wrapping.
Each word processor "hard" line end will be translated into a
typesetter "hard" line end by EASYTYPE. "Soft" line ends (the kind
word processors insert for you when you DON'T press RETURN) will be
translated to a typesetter's "soft" return code. Usually, you'll
only want to press the RETURN key: (1) at the end of paragraphs, (2)
to force a blank line WHICH YOU WANT TYPESET, and (3) after
headlines, subheads, etc.
The above advice works for WordStar and WordPerfect, as well as
most other word processors which provide an option to generate
output files in either of these two leading formats. Things become
trickier, however, if you are forced to output to ASCII format (the
simplest of formats, "understood" by almost any word processor).
Both the strength and weakness of ASCII files lie in their
simplicity. "True" ASCII (some word processors cheat!) don't have
formatting codes. They have words and line-end codes. And that's
all. For our present discussion, the problem is that ALL line ends
("soft" and "hard") are IDENTICAL. (Actually, line ends may vary
from one version of ASCII to another--so much for true universality
--but they remain consistent within a given editor. But you needn't
know the type an editor uses--EASYTYPE figures it out for you!
How can EASYTYPE distinguish hard and soft line ends when
they are identical? It applies sophisticated algorithms ("rules of
logic") we developed for this purpose. Understanding them is
critical if you're preparing ASCII files for typesetting.
A line end is considered "hard" (end of paragraph, etc.) if
it is immediately followed by 1) another line end (i.e., double
spacing), or 2) a space or tab (i.e., indented). It also is
considered "hard" if PRECEDED by another line end (again indicating
double spacing). IN ALL OTHER CASES, (i.e., if a line end is
preceded AND followed by anything else--a letter, punctuation,
etc.), IT IS TREATED AS "SOFT." This handles the vast majority of
situations. But you COULD run into a problem if you create an
itemized list. With ASCII files, your nice aligned list would be run
together as a paragraph unless you take precautions. There is a
simple solution, and more complex ones.
The simple solution is to note the position of itemized lists
in your main file with "comment to typesetters" (discussed below),
then create each list as a separate file. When using EASYTYPE on the
LIST files only, make a temporary change to how "soft" line ends are
output. Simply change the output values for "soft" line ends to be
identical to what you use for "hard" line ends. Both values are
displayed in the special User Environment Menu, reached by typing
"*" from the Main Menu. In other words, you're making all line ends
appear "hard," i.e., not allowing them to wrap during reformatting
by the typesetter editor program. (See Section 4 for more details on
the User Environment Menu.) Just be sure to return the "soft" line-
end values for "nonlist" files when done! (You may manually return
such values to their original state or use the Main Menu "Restore
Default Conditions" function, also discussed in Section 4).
Note: "True" ASCII files can be used as list files by most
typesetting programs without running such files through EASYTYPE.
But unless you KNOW the file is 100% true ASCII, play it safe and
use EASYTYPE. In our own typesetting, we've had ASCII files created
by the most popular word processors which contained a hidden "bad"
character. Our typesetting editor program readily accepted it and
sent it out to the typesetter--which stopped COLD. EASYTYPE NEVER
places anything in the output file until completely inspected and
approved.
But . . . if you're stuck with lists embedded within ASCII
files containing normal (paragraph) text--perhaps provided that way
by others, you can still solve tricky reformatting problems with a
little creativity. Here are some good approaches for starters:
1) Indent your list (like this one).
2) Or, double-space it.
3) You could insert an EASYTYPE macro character at the beginning
(or end) of each list item so EASYTYPE globally replaces it
with a typesetting hard return. (The soft return disappears
during typesetting paragraph reformatting.)
4) You could insert a "comment to typesetter" (discussed later) to
tell the typesetter to insert hard line ends.
HYPHENATION: Like line endings, the general rule is to avoid all
hyphens except those you want "permanently" retained. EASYTYPE
understands and translates "discretionary" hyphens in WordStar and
WordPerfect files.
If your word processor is installed with "hyphenation help"
turned on, we recommend that you either change it, or temporarily
turn it OFF when creating files for typesetting. (Note: If your word
processor is other than WordStar or WordPerfect and you plan to
output to one of those formats, you should test to ensure
discretionary hyphens are handled properly. This is one of those
more "esoteric" areas which translators other than EASYTYPE can
miss. And if you plan to convert to ASCII, avoid discretionary
hyphens at all costs. ASCII has NO such code, so either you'll lose
the discretionary hyphens (which is OK--but then why bother in the
first place?) or they'll be converted to mandatory hyphens (ugh!!!).
WORD PROCESSING LINE JUSTIFICATION: Simply put: TURN IT OFF. The
codes used for word processor justification are highly incompatible
with typesetting, so EASYTYPE must mark them for the typesetter--
much needless work. Use "comments to typesetter" instead.
WHITE SPACE: One reason typesetting is so superior to all other
forms of output is the way it handles "white space"--that is, things
other than printable characters. Justification (above) creates white
space--extra space between words. So do tabs, the spacebar--and use
of columnar mode in later WordStar versions. Typesetting gains much
of its beauty by the unique ways it handles space--ways quite
dissimilar to word processing. In general, EASYTYPE must undo what
word processors inflict upon typesetting-bound files. WordStar is
particularly bad about this, as it uses the identical code for
nearly every kind of white space. EASYTYPE again must mark many
problem areas for the professional attention of the typesetter. It's
therefore better not to create the problems in the first place.
Some tips:
First, use one and only one space between words, sentences,
etc. (Forget the outdated typewriter "rule" about double-spacing
between sentences. This can even cause imperfections in ordinary
computer output; but for typesetting, it's a real no-no.)
Secondly, it's best to avoid the TAB key. In word processing,
TABs might be used to indent paragraphs, align tables and other
purposes. But each of these is handled in ENTIRELY separate ways
from each other in the typesetting environment, so you must
differentiate between them. (In general, EASYTYPE must mark them for
your graphic arts pro to attempt to figure out what you meant. If
you think you must use TABs (such as for columns), consult your
typesetter first--or leave a "comment to typesetter" (discussed
below) to describe what you intend.
"Newsletter-style" columnar text deserves special attention.
For typesetting to properly handle such word processing files, EZ
must first "decolumnize" the text. WordPerfect users may safely
prepare text in columns if they really desire, and EASYTYPE will
undo the columns for you (even if you switch in and out of column
mode!). But columns take a little longer to process, create a little
extra work for the typesetter (because of some special codes which
WordPerfect uses and EASYTYPE must pass along)--and in any event,
there's no net benefit. So why bother? WordStar and many other word
processors, however, handle matters quite differently, creating
major problems or worse for typesetting. This is definitely a
subject for Beyond the Basics--the next chapter!
For paragraph indentation, you normally will NOT want to
indent during file preparation. Instead, an EASYTYPE Option Menu
function can globally and automatically insert a fixed amount of
space after all hard returns. Or, you could insert an EASYTYPE macro
character for each indentation. Later, you or your typesetter can
globally replace them with a typesetting code for a selected amount
of space. (EASYTYPE Options Menus and macro keys are discussed in
Section 4.) Optionally, you can leave a "comment to typesetter" to
ask your graphic arts pro to add an aesthetically pleasing fixed
space for indentation. If you use TABs for paragraph indentation,
EASYTYPE simply marks them so your graphic arts pro can convert each
one manually.
WordStar user who use "nonbreak" spaces (^PO) should see
Section 4.
Note that there's no need to use WordStar's ^OL command to
change the left margin. In typesetting, page or columnar positioning
is done AFTER text is set on film. In fact, left to itself,
WordStar's special codes for left margins would create havoc during
typesetting. So EASYTYPE politely removes them. The net result of
using the ^OL command for typesetting files is wasted disk space and
slower processing.
BOLD, ITALIC, ETC.: In word processing, codes toggle each of these
functions on, then off. Typesetting is different. It has many
typefaces from which to choose, each identified by a code. Example:
You might select typeface #3 for Bold, then go to typeface #2 for
italic--or maybe typeface #8 for a completely different "family" of
type (i.e., related typefaces). EASYTYPE helps make this transition.
For your main "family," just type as usual--use regular
typing for "normal," and your word processor's built-in functions
for underscore ("italic") and bold. Any other options you may have
(e.g., "double-strike" in WordStar) can be used for any purpose you
wish (maybe "bold italic"--or perhaps something quite different,
such as a size of type). Just be sure to leave a "comment to
typesetter" to communicate your intent, or better, use EASYTYPE's
Option Menu to globally replace these codes with typesetting
counterparts.
For additional typefaces, use macro keys (Sections 3 and 4).
You simply enter a single character which later will be globally
replaced with a full string of codes.
IMPORTANT NOTE: In WordStar, ^PB^PSThis Phrase^PS^PB would
print "This Phrase" in BOTH bold and "italic" (underscore). This is
because each of these printer functions is independent of the other.
Not so in typesetting! Typesetting offers a separate, genuine
typeface for every function--"normal," italic, bold, whatever. In
the above example, thus This Phrase would actually be only in italic
because you changed from "normal" to bold to italic THEN printed the
phrase, then returned to normal! If you want "bold italic," you must
explicitly request it with an otherwise unused word processor
printer code, or better, an EASYTYPE macro (or "comment to
typesetter" for someone else to fix).
While we're at it: Only capitalize what you really want in
caps. Don't use caps to convey "bold." An advantage of directly
submitting disk files for typesetting is that YOU retain control--
and at a significant savings in cost; but this also means you must
say what you intend. YOU are responsible for content--so be precise.
QUOTATION MARKS: Computers use the same symbol to mark the beginning
and end of quotes. But as you probably know, one of the aesthetic
elements in typesetting is use of different sets of marks on either
side of quotes. We gave EASYTYPE a special algorithm ("rule of
logic"--remember?) to determine whether a "begin" or "end" code
should replace the computer code in any given situation.
Unfortunately, this logic can't extend to the single quote
marks used for "quotes within quotes" because, while computers use
the same symbol for "begin" and "end" single quotes and typesetting
doesn't, both use the single "end" mark for apostrophes too. So
you'll need to either insert "comments to typesetters," or better,
assign EASYTYPE macro keys.
WORDSTAR "DOT COMMANDS": Your word processor uses these both for
format commands and "comments" to remind yourself of something
later. EASYTYPE marks all of these as "comments to typesetter" so
they won't be typeset. However, remember that your typesetter may
not be well-versed in WordStar. So you should explain any "dot
command" meanings in English, or remove them if irrelevant for
typesetting.
MATH FUNCTIONS: Some word processor versions can perform subtotal
and other math functions, displaying or printing the results in the
appropriate places in text. These data generally are NOT stored in
the file, and instead are calculated ONLY when the word processing
program is active. So your totals and so forth WILL NOT BE AVAILABLE
TO THE TYPESETTER. The best solution is to avoid these functions
altogether and instead manually insert totals and the like. If this
isn't feasible, EASYTYPE will insert a warning code (see list in
Section 6) to the typesetter. It is the author's responsibility to
communicate further with the typesetter, either by a "comment to
typesetter" or by providing a computer-printed copy of the file
along with a note directing the typesetter to problem areas.
"COMMENTS TO TYPESETTERS": You can convey comments and instructions
to your graphic arts pro in two ways. You can embed comments
directly within text by placing them between "flag" or "comment"
delimiters (environment-specific codes described in Section 4). For
example: <LIKE THIS> (flagged--the default and preferred) or <*LIKE
THIS*> (comment). Or, with WordStar, you can use its built-in
"comment" function, which EASYTYPE understands and automatically
places within delimiters for you to mark for your typesetter. Simply
begin a comment line with ".IG" or ".." at the VERY left edge of
your screen. (If your comment is longer than one line, begin each
line the same way or part of your comment will be typeset!)
~ (Section 3)
<< BEYOND THE BASICS >>
In theory, you can submit a word processing file which, with
EASYTYPE, can be prepared for final output with a SINGLE formatting
command by your typesetter (to calculate output line breaks). That's
theory. In practice, a few more considerations are involved. Section
2 outlined the basics of greatly reducing typesetting time and
costs. But if you choose, you can save even more . . . and as a
bonus enhance your typesetting.
The first Beyond the Basics advice: COMMUNICATE WITH YOUR
TYPESETTER EARLY IF FILES WILL CONTAIN ANYTHING EXCEPT "STRAIGHT"
TEXT. For example, your graphic arts pro probably will request that
you submit many types of charts, tables, etc., as separate files,
with main-file "comments to typesetter" like: <INSERT FILE 2 HERE>.
At a minimum, communication saves time and money. At worst, without
advance planning your typesetter may have to re-enter text.
Secondly, if you really want to approach the theoretical
"ready-to-use" file, you can insert some or all of the special
typesetting codes which otherwise would be left to your graphic arts
pro. This of course offers further time and cost benefits, but also
provides much greater control of the final product. For "straight
text," you'll need fairly few codes, most of which can be included
in a single line at the head of a file. (That line may be added with
an EASYTYPE Options Menus function. For repetitive projects, with
registered copies of EASYTYPE these and all options can easily and
permanently be saved to disk and retrieved later!) But you might be
willing to add a few more. Contact your typesetter if you plan to
work regularly with him or her. If so, investing a little time to
develop a "style sheet" of codes unique to your needs benefit both
of you. Your typesetter may even already have or be willing to
prepare Configuration Files for you.
EASYTYPE's unique macro keys make inserting typesetting codes
a snap. Maybe you don't want to memorize, let alone type,
<SS10><SF7> for every subhead in your book-length manuscript. Or
maybe you haven't even selected typefaces so simply can't know the
codes. No problem! Just use an EASYTYPE macro character which you
won't use in the book (such as the "|" character). Later, EASYTYPE
can automatically and simultaneously replace all macros with desired
codes while translating your file. As a bonus, by using EASYTYPE
macros you can redefine functions over and over, quickly and easily,
by simply having EASYTYPE reformat your original file. You even can
use it to replace TEXT--or just as easily a combination of text AND
codes! (See Section 6 for a complete list of macro keys.)
~ (Section 4)
<< EASYTYPE RUN-TIME FUNCTIONS >>
EASYTYPE can translate your word processing file into a typesetting
file simply by specifying a name for both and indicating which of
three modes (e.g., WordPerfect) applies. But what makes the program
truly excel is its ability to perform many time-consuming and error-
prone steps quickly and reliably through selected options. Below are
the EASYTYPE options and their defaults (i.e., what happens if you
don't change them). EASYTYPE performs these functions more
effectively than other programs in the word processing-to-
typesetting process. Be sure to contact your typesetter about proper
settings for a given task before using them.
When using other-than-default settings, we urge you to save
them to a Configuration File (described shortly), then submit that
file along with word processor and typesetting files for typesetter
review.
MAIN MENU FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS 1 AND 2: Move you to EASYTYPE Options Menus described
below.
FUNCTION 3: Provides an assured way to remove any modifications you
may have made to default settings. Afterward, you can be confident
you have returned EASYTYPE to the same conditions as when you first
entered the program (or last retrieved a Configuration File, if
you've done so). You needn't worry about having forgotten to reset
something.
FUNCTIONS 4 AND 5: Use these, respectively, to save configurations
for future use and retrieve previous configurations. (Your
configurations are stored in permanent disk files.) You can freely
modify retrieved settings and, if desired, store the new
configuration too. There is no practical limit to the number of
Configuration Files. (Note: A EASYTYPE registration license must be
obtained before Configuration Files can be retrieved.)
FUNCTION 6: Lets you switch between WordStar, WordPerfect and
Generic/ASCII mode. If you change between Generic/ASCII and another
mode, the setting of Function 7 automatically changes too. (Note the
Section 1 discussion on the meaning of "WordStar" and "WordPerfect."
Use the normal TEXT-creating features these top two word processor
formats offer and EASYTYPE so faithfully taps. But if WordStar
"nondocument" or WordPerfect "DOS" format can't be avoided, use
EASYTYPE's Generic/ASCII mode.)
FUNCTION 7: WordStar and WordPerfect (but not ASCII) files contain
an amazing variety of formatting codes. Where possible, EASYTYPE
quietly changes them to typesetting equivalents. But when not
practical, this function lets you specify HOW such codes are
handled. The default is "FLAGGED," which means that when your
typesetter reformats your EASYTYPE file, each code which requires
operator decision will halt reformatting at the code. With Function
7, you can tell EASYTYPE to switch to "COMMENT" reporting format. In
this mode, formatting codes are inserted in such a way that they
will NOT affect typesetting. They will, however, remain in the file
as information-only codes which the typesetter can choose to
consider or ignore. (Note: "flagged" and "comment" codes vary among
typesetters, and may require one-time installation with Function "*"
below.)
Unless you are an experienced user or have been advised to do
otherwise, it's best to use the default FLAGGED mode. But with
experience, you may find that in some situations such codes are more
of a distraction than a help, and so may prefer COMMENT mode. What
are factors which might affect this decision? Purely "straight"
files can benefit from COMMENT mode, freeing the typesetter from
deleting codes. The same may be true when the author supplies a
sample printout as a guide for the typesetter. Lastly, since
WordPerfect uses codes to indicate virtually ALL of its functions
while WordStar more often performs requested functions directly on
the file's text, WordStar tends to have less embedded codes (and
when it does, they tend to be more important to know). So when we
use EASYTYPE ourselves, we tend to use COMMENT more often for
WordPerfect files, less often for WordStar files. You'll soon the
better choice for your needs.
FUNCTIONS 8 AND 9: Use to specify, respectively, input (word
processor) and output (typesetter) filenames. Note that input files
larger than approximately 20K (which can create problems for some
typesetters, including microVISION)) are accompanied by a FLASHING
filesize display. You may want to divide them into smaller files
before using EASYTYPE.
FUNCTION B: Begins conversion.
FUNCTION "*": We made this a little harder to invoke (you must use
the shift key) so you're less likely to press it unintentionally. It
provides several user-specific functions you're likely to have to
use only once, if at all, to install a few options unique to your
typesetter as described under USER-SPECIFIC MENU, below.
FUNCTION Q: Quits EASYTYPE. But before doing so, if you have used
options settings other than defaults, you may first want to save
them to a Configuration File with Function 4 for future retrieval.
OPTIONS MENU 1
Choosing Function 1 from the Main Menu moves you to Options Menu 1.
Once here, you can change how EASYTYPE translates or inserts certain
codes and performs some other tasks. Choices available in this menu
vary according to the mode (WordStar, etc.) selected from the main
menu. (Don't worry, EASYTYPE won't let you access options which
don't currently apply.) The first three options below apply to all
modes. Others apply only to WordStar, WordPerfect--or both--as
indicated.
FIRST LINE INSERT: Permits you to add a short, one-line insert at
the head of the output file. It may be a simple "comment to
typesetter," or codes used to initiate typesetting (line length,
size of type, etc.). You can enter these with EASYTYPE, or leave
them for your typesetter to insert. If you use the same format for
many files, you should obtain these codes from your graphic arts
pro. By entering them ONCE, you can insert them in successive files,
--and save them for future files after registering EASYTYPE.
Default: none.
PRECEDE HARD RETURN: In most cases, you'll want text on lines which
were ended by physically pressing RETURN to be "quad left," that is,
with all unused space to the right--like this line.
Word processors more or less demand this; typesetters don't,
permitting greater creativity for some purposes. Without "quad
left," the last lines of paragraphs will often look something like
this one here.
Left to default operation, EASYTYPE adds a "quad left" code
before each HARD RETURN. If you plan something unusual, contact your
typesetter for appropriate codes.
FOLLOW HARD RETURN: EASYTYPE's default is "none," meaning nothing is
inserted after a hard RETURN. Often, you won't want to change this.
But maybe almost all of your file will be indented. Or, maybe you
want to add a little more than normal space between paragraphs and
can't indicate this with a word processor. An alternative to a
"comment to typesetter" is to add codes obtained from your graphic
arts pro with this option.
MAIN TYPEFACE (WordStar and WordPerfect): This code will be inserted
after BOLD, ITALIC, etc., has been used and text is returning to the
normal typeface. Default: <MAIN>.
BOLD & ITALIC (WordStar and WordPerfect): Typesetting uses separate
codes for beginning and ending each of thousands of typefaces.
WordPerfect uses a fixed set of codes to mark the beginning of bold
text, the end of bold, the beginning of underscore ("italic" in
typesetting) and the end of underscore. It doesn't have a different
code for, say, the beginning of bold in one typeface and bold in a
second typeface. By contrast, WordStar uses just ONE code for both
beginning AND ending bold, and a second for beginning and ending
underscore. EASYTYPE handles the details for correctly marking the
beginning and end of bold or underscored text. But because, by
itself, it has no way of knowing the PRECISE codes for a given
typeface, EASYTYPE can benefit from a little (optional) help. With
options for each of your word processor's printer codes, you can
define the corresponding typesetter codes with the help of your
graphic arts pro. Or, you can leave the defaults for your typesetter
to replace later. The defaults are <BOLD> for "start bold" and
<ITAL> for "start italic." <MAIN> is the default for both "end bold"
and "end italic," in each case returning to the basic typeface.
'DOUBLE-STRIKE' (WordStar only): A second type of bold for word
processing, for typesetting you can assign any additional typeface
(or other characteristic) desired. Defaults are <DS> to "start
double-strike" and, of course, <MAIN> for "end double-strike."
'NONBREAK' SPACE TOGGLE (WordStar only): Involves a code seldom used
by WordStar authors, but EASYTYPE is ready for it. This option also
is handled differently from others in that it is a "toggle." That
is, you select one of two choices rather than entering characters.
In WordStar, a ^PO code placed between two words tells the
computer and its printer to never separate them at the end of a
line. Typesetting has no direct equivalent, so EASYTYPE lets you
either translate all "nonbreak" spaces into normal spaces or mark
them for your typesetter. Default: <NB> to flag them for typesetter.
FOOTNOTE FIRST LINE & ENDNOTE FIRST LINE (WordPerfect only): Just
like the main FIRST LINE INSERT, above, except placed at the head of
all footnotes and endnotes, respectively, which EASYTYPE groups
together for your typesetter. Default: none.
BEGINNING FOOTNOTE NUMBER & BEGINNING ENDNOTE NUMBER (WordPerfect
only): WordPerfect lets you create very large files, with footnotes
which will be printed at the end of the page on which the footnote
number appears and endnotes which are gathered and placed at the end
of the document. But this creates problems in the typesetting
environment.
The first problem is that typesetting often can't, and
probably shouldn't, work with very large files. (It's not even often
wise in word processing. But imagine the time and costs of a simple
error at the head of a typesetting file which results in the wrong
typeface throughout the file.) But if you use WordPerfect to divide
a file, you may find that the first "note" in every file has been
renumbered as "1"! So EASYTYPE lets you specify the number at which
to begin a file's footnotes and endnotes. And after converting a
file, EASYTYPE informs you of the total number of footnotes and
endnotes. So if you run another, related file, you can start
numbering where the previous file left off. IMPORTANT: Both numbers
are reset to the default of "1" after every file so you won't forget
to do so between unrelated files.
Another problem is that, until later in the typesetting
process, the place where a page ends normally isn't known. So it's
necessary that all footnotes and endnotes be gathered in one
location for later positioning. EASYTYPE does this for you, placing
all footnotes after all regular text. This is followed by all
endnotes.
PRECEDE FOOTNOTE, FOLLOW FOOTNOTE, PRECEDE ENDNOTE & FOLLOW ENDNOTE
(WordPerfect only): Defaults: none. These options are available if
you need to insert codes before and after footnote NUMBERS in the
main text to obtain superscripts. "Precede" codes are placed before
EACH digit of a number; "follow" codes only after the COMPLETE
number--as expected by most typesetters. Example, for microVISION
users processing a footnote numbered 12, setting Precede Footnote to
"<SF5>@" and Follow Footnote to "<SF1>" might be desirable,
resulting in a result of <SF5>@1<SF5>@2<SF1>. (Isn't it nice NOT to
have to enter all that every time now that you're using EASYTYPE?!)
OPTIONS MENU 2
This menu lists 13 characters found on most computer keyboards but
which don't exist on all common typesetting fonts or require varying
keystrokes/codes to access them. If you by chance use any of these
somewhat uncommon characters (also listed in Section 6), your
typesetter can tell you if they exist in the typeface you'll be
using and, if so, what codes can be substituted for them with
EASYTYPE.
Any of these characters which you don't use for ordinary text
is available as a EASYTYPE "macro" substitution character, described
earlier in this section and in Beyond the Basics (Section 3).
USER-SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENT MENU
The choices listed on this menu may never be needed--or just once,
if you haven't yet registered your copy of EASYTYPE. Use these
options ONLY if you find it necessary after discovering that your
typesetter has uncommon needs. Then, find your defaults, save them
to an EASYTYPE Configuration File and send it to us when you
register. Your registered copy contains your unique preferences,
based upon the file you send. If you can't find the appropriate
setting and your typesetting manufacturer won't help, contact us.
We'll assist. Options from this menu are as follows.
SOFT LINE END: The code your typesetter stores at the end of lines
capable of being "wrapped" around when you edit a file--essentially
lines within paragraphs. Because these codes can't be directly typed
like a letter or number, you must enter the "ASCII decimal" numbers
equivalent to your codes. (A string of either one or two codes
allowed.) Default: 141.
HARD LINE END: For ends of paragraphs, etc., where a line end is to
be "permanent." Use one or two ASCII decimal numbers here too.
Default: 13.
LEFT COMMENT & RIGHT COMMENT: Like WordStar, many typesetters permit
nonprinting comments within texts as reminders to the operator.
Enter the actual characters for such here, if available and known.
Otherwise, we recommend you leave these to their defaults of "<*"
and "*>" respectively. EASYTYPE needs SOME kind of "comment" codes
to use when reporting problems which might be found within word
processor files, so we urge you not to make "comment" codes into
blank (nonexisting) codes.
LEFT FLAGGED & RIGHT FLAGGED: Similar to "comment" codes, above,
except these should be some kind of "illegal" codes which will cause
your typesetter's editor to catch them while reformatting line
lengths. If in doubt, we again urge that you retain the defaults of
"<" and ">" until you find a need to change them.
LEFT QUOTE & RIGHT QUOTE MARKS: Word processors use the same symbols
to begin and end quotes. Typesetting uses the real (and different!)
symbols for each. Your typesetter may have special indicators, but
EASYTYPE defaults translate opening (left) quotes to two computer
quote marks ("") and closing (right) quotes to two apostrophes (''),
as often expected by typesetters prior to final output. Pay special
attention to this and the next one!
DISCRETIONARY HYPHEN: Your typesetter probably has a way to indicate
a "discretionary" hyphen--i.e., one which only is typeset if it
happens to come at the end of a line after reformatting. Insert your
code here. Default is the often-expected equal sign (=).
'EN'-SPACE: This is a fixed unit of space in typesetters, equal to
the width of the letter N and commonly of numerals. EASYTYPE uses it
between a footnote number and the beginning of the footnote text for
professional alignment. If you know the code for an actual fixed
space ('en' space or otherwise) which you want to use for this
purpose, enter it here. Otherwise, type the literal word SPACE and
EASYTYPE will insert an ordinary, variable-width space. In no case
should you leave this entirely blank.
~ (Section 5)
<< FOR TYPESETTERS >>
At long last, a program--EASYTYPE--directly converts word processor
files into typesetting files. Best of all, client-entered "bold,"
"italic," and other codes can be entered in normal word processor
fashion your client already knows, yet are faithfully translated and
retained. And "hard" line ends remain hard while "soft" line ends
remain soft--so typesetters can reformat paragraphs of these
"foreign" files just like their own! Even codes not provided by a
word processor can be added automatically during conversion with
EASYTYPE's unique macro key function. Equally helpful is that
details such as inserting quad-left codes before hard carriage
returns and alternating typesetting beginning and ending quotation
marks are done for you. EASYTYPE cuts editing (and errors) to a
fraction of what they were!
Be sure to familiarize yourself with the help file to better
understand the process. Particularly note the next section, which
details the output of EASYTYPE and explains warning messages about
possible errors in the original word processing files. The help file
suggests tips you can pass along to clients to benefit both of you
and details EASYTYPE Options Menus and other functions, which
eliminate major editing tasks. (You might even consider a short
public-service seminar, from which everyone benefits!)
We'll walk through a step-by-step example in a moment. But
first we'd like you to know you can either run EASYTYPE yourself, or
with a resale license, profitably distribute it to clients and
others.
You and your clients will be amazed at how fast you turn jobs
around because of the large saving in time.
So . . . let's follow a typical file after translation by
EASYTYPE. We'll use the microVISION typesetting interface system to
illustrate. Substitute parallel procedures as needed for other
systems.
Invoke your typesetting editor normally. If your client
hasn't entered line measure, etc., with the EASYTYPE Option Menu
function for that purpose, do so as usual. Prepare any desired
macros--see "tip" below. (You won't need one for quad-left codes
though--EASYTYPE already has inserted them for you) In most cases,
you'll only need font-change and size-change format keys.
You're now ready to zip through the file, adding any
typesetting commands not entered by your client. Simply use your
editor's reformatting function. In most cases, the cursor will fly
through the file, reformatting to typesetter line measure and
pausing only at anything which may require attention. EASYTYPE has
marked such events by user-set "flag" delimiters indicators. Just
edit as needed, then resume reformatting.
TIP: In microVISION, set up macro keys with desired codes, each
followed by ^T^Q^Q0^N^B, which (after inserting your main code) is
its way of saying "delete the rest of the 'flagged' code, then
resume paragraph reformatting until encountering another 'flagged'
code." Example: If your client hasn't entered font codes for bold
with EASYTYPE, the default you'll find is <BOLD> for "turn on bold"
and <MAIN> for "turn off bold" (i.e., return to regular font). For
the Comp IV typesetter and typical film strip, microVISION codes for
these functions, respectively, might be <SF3> and <SF1>. So, let's
say microVISION, while reformatting, pauses at <BOLD>. You should
have a macro containing: SF3>^T^Q^Q0^N^B. (Note absence of the
opening "<".) By pressing it, you first insert the microVISION-
specific code, then delete EASYTYPE's temporary code and continue
reformatting to the next flag code (probably <MAIN> to end bold).
There, use your SF1>^T^Q^Q0^N^B macro to return to regular-weight
face. (An alternative is to set one macro for ^T^Q^Q0^N^B and set
all others without it, in which case you of course would use two
macros per substitution.) Note that, for word processors, bold and
italic are independent functions. So you MIGHT discover <ITALIC> and
<BOLD> both appearing before two <MAIN> codes. If so, your client
probably wants a bold italic face. In that case, you'll have to use
your expertise to perform a little extra surgery based upon judgment
of your client's intentions.
Soon you'll be preparing most files for typesetter output in
a fraction of the time formerly required. . . .If you discover ideas
for enhancements to EASYTYPE, let us know. If you're the first
to suggest an idea we use, you will receive a copy of the enhanced
version. Contact us too about programs for other applications, such
as EASYDATA, a companion program which converts DATA-processing
files for typesetting. See Section 8 for address/phone.
CONCLUDING THOUGHT: If your client already ran EASYTYPE and
saved options settings to a disk Configuration File, request that
file as well as the EASYTYPE output file and original word
processing file. If you need global changes to the file, you'll find
it's easy. Just run EASYTYPE with your client's Configuration File,
change any desired settings and you'll have an updated typesetting
file in seconds!
~(Section 6)
<< EASYTYPE TRANSLATION ROUTINES & FILE ANALYSIS >>
This section covers two related subjects: details about how EASYTYPE
translates many specific codes; and the summary file-analysis screen
(plus warning messages, if any) displayed after translation.
Below, EZ refers to EASYTYPE, WS to WordStar, WP to
WordPerfect and ASCII to Generic/ASCII. All sections apply to WS, WP
and ASCII modes unless otherwise indicated. EZ's default "flag"
delimiters ("<" and ">") are used below. They, as well as the
specific translation codes discussed, are user-configurable.
TRANSLATION CODES
<BOLD>
EZ's default for "start bold." If EZ's Options Menu 1 (see Section
4) is used, the actual typesetting code for a specific typesetting
environment is inserted instead. If the number of <BOLD> and <MAIN>
("end bold"--see below) codes in a file don't match, it probably
indicates an author error. So EZ issues a warning (see below).
<ITAL>
Similar to bold, this code identifies "start italic." (Italic is the
typesetting equivalent to computer underscoring.)
<DS>
(WS only) A "less bold than bold" option called "double-strike." For
typesetting files, this can be used for any typeface or other
function the author wishes--just leave a "comment to typesetter" to
explain the intention if EZ's default rather than a specific
typesetting code is used.
<MAIN>
Indicates the author used the word processor's command to turn off
bold, italic or double-strike. (The same code is used to end each of
these functions, as they always mean "return to regular-weight
face.") If the author FORGOT to turn off one of these functions,
EASYTYPE issues a warning message on its file analysis screen.
<{> <|> <}> <~> <#> <%> <+> <=> <@> <\> <^> <_><`>
Some typefaces don't offer certain of these computer symbols, or
offer them with varying "shifted" keys. So EZ places them within
"flag delimiters for the attention of the typesetter. Authors should
consult their typesetters prior to using these symbols in regular
text. It may affect typeface selection. Or, you may prefer alternate
approaches (e.g., typing "control-B" instead of "^B"). Best of all,
if you want to use one of these characters and it DOES exist in the
typeface to be used, you can use it and let EZ globally replace it
with the corresponding typesetting code! EZ indicates how many such
"unexpected" symbols are encountered.
Any of these symbols can be used as an EZ macro key. For
example, "|" might be used to mean 24-point Souvenir Medium type. By
substituting the exact code the typesetter expects for this purpose
with Options Menu 2, every occurrence of "|" will be replaced with
the appropriate codes for a particular typesetter. (In this case, of
course, a warning isn't provided. EZ must assume your macro--which
may be used to substitute typesetting codes and/or ordinary text--is
intentional.)
> and < Symbols
These characters normally aren't present on typesetting fonts, so
should be avoided in ordinary text. Depending upon your specific
typesetter, they usually should be reserved for "comment" and "flag"
delimiters (which are the defaults, changeable from the installation
main-menu "*" function). Those going Beyond the Basics (Section 3)
might also use them to directly embed typesetting codes into text.
Because they should always be "paired," if EZ encounters a different
number of one than the other, a warning message is issued.
Quotation Marks
Computers use one symbol--the " mark--to represent both beginning
and ending quotes. Typesetting machines insert authentic, different
symbols for each. So EZ makes the appropriate substitution.
(Defaults are "" at the beginning of quotes and '' at the end, as
used by some common systems. See main-menu "*" installation function
to change.)
Unlike bold and other commonly paired symbols, EZ doesn't
report unmatched quote symbols. This is because rules of editing
require that quotations extending beyond a paragraph have a quote
mark at the start of each paragraph, but only at the end of the LAST
paragraph.
Note that EZ must leave characters for single quote marks
(used for "quotes within quotes") as they stand even though
typesetting uses different characters to begin and end "quotes
within quotes," because the end-quote mark for single quotes is
identical to an apostrophe. EZ has no way to determine intent with
certainty. Macro keys may be used to insert appropriate codes, or a
"comment to typesetter" should forewarn each use of single quote
marks for quotations.
Hyphens & Dashes
The distinction between mandatory and "discretionary" hyphens is
most important, and is carefully discussed in Section 2. EZ must
assume the author uses discretionary and mandatory hyphens
correctly, and simply translates them faithfully to typesetting
equivalents. (See main menu "*" installation function to alter "="
as the default typesetting equivalent for discretionary hyphens.)
For dashes, both computers and typesetters generally use the
convention of two hyphens, so EZ passes them through unchanged.
Typesetters generally replace them with a true typesetting dash
during final output.
Spaces & <S>
Note discussion of "white space" in Section 2. . . .Because of the
radically different way computers and typesetting machines handle
spaces (one of the reasons typesetting is so beautiful!), and
because word processors can use a single storage technique for
numerous types of white space, EZ helps by making a few assumptions
for you--and leaving some for the typesetter's professional
judgment.
As for the assumptions, a single space of course is treated
normally. And if the computer typist followed the old-fashioned
"rule" of two spaces between sentences, EZ doesn't complain. It
politely discards the offending second space.
More than two spaces, however, probably means the typist
intended something special. Maybe s/he pressed the TAB key in WS,
which is represented with a fixed number of ordinary spaces (five is
its default, but that can be changed by the WS operator). Or maybe
the line was centered. Or maybe it was a real no-no: maybe the
typist was attempting to align a table. If the author neglects to
contact the typesetter in advance, the latter must attempt to
determine intent by context or a call to the client. In any case, EZ
helps by specifying the number of spaces, placing an "S" between
delimiters for each space character present in the original file.
Example: <SSSSS>.
Tips to typesetters: If "SSSSS" appears between delimiters at
the beginning of a paragraph, the author probably meant indentation.
(Em spaces really should have been inserted with EZ's "FOLLOW HARD
RETURN" option instead!) If a series of the symbols appears at the
beginning of only occasional lines, the author probably wanted to
center text instead of properly using an EZ macro or leaving a
"comment to typesetter." (Maybe it's a headline?) If you see several
consecutive lines with a similar configuration of the symbols, the
author probably wants columns of data. You will need to touch things
up. (If the client is likely to submit similar jobs in the future,
you might want to pass along a few typesetting codes or tips to save
time and effort next time.
<NB>
(WS only) This is a special "nonbreak space" which, if placed
between two words, means the author doesn't want them separated at
an end of line or column. The typesetter must manually fix any
paragraph containing this seldom-used WS function when reformatting.
Line Endings & <QL>
WS, WP, ASCII and typesetters follow different conventions for
storing "hard" and "soft" line endings in files. EZ ensures that the
correct conversion is made (possibly after a one-time installation--
see Section 4). Typesetters thus can reformat EZ files exactly like
their own. (But for ASCII files, be sure to read the line-endings
discussion in Section 2.)
Left to its default, EZ precedes each "hard" line end with a
<QL> quad-left code, which may be changed or entirely suppressed as
discussed in Section 4. Hard line ends also may be FOLLOWED by codes
--perhaps to add automatic paragraph indentation or extra inter-
paragraph leading (space between lines). Again, see Section 4.
(Remember how time consuming fixing "foreign" line ends was before
EZ? Not any longer!)
"Comments to Typesetter" & WordStar "Dot Commands"
Comments may be embedded anywhere in a file by placing them between
"comment" or "flag" delimiters ("comment" defaults of "<*" and "*>"
and "flag" defaults of "<" and ">" are user configurable). Example:
<*LIKE THIS*>. The difference between the two is that (subject to
possible need for initial EZ installation) "comment" delimiters
cause the typesetter to ignore them unless explicitly located.
"Flag" delimiters (subject to the same condition) forces the
typesetter to pause for graphic arts pro consideration. Unless
requested otherwise by your typographer, we suggest using "flag"
delimiters to set off "comments to typesetter." EZ passes these
through untouched.
EZ also places all WS "dot commands" (lines beginning with a
period in left-most column) within delimiters, since dot commands
are not actual text. ("Flag" delimiters are default, but this may be
toggled with main-menu function 7.) Dot commands serve either as
formatting instructions for computer printers and/or screen--or,
after a ".." or ".IG" dot command, as WS' own "comment" mechanism.
Authors should remember that typesetters may not be familiar with
the meaning of dot commands. Normally, explain their meaning in
plain English instead. However, if an author has a file to be used
both for computer printer and typesetter output (EASYTYPE makes this
possible for the first time!), the "dot command" may safely be
retained. An ".." or ".IG" comment should be added explaining your
intent to the typesetter.
<1> through <256> or <*1*> through <*256*>
(WP or WS only) The format--that is, whether appearing with "flag"
or "comment" delimiters--depends upon the code-reporting selection
from the main menu, like above. The presence of these "number codes"
calls for distinctly different reactions for WS versus WP files.
With a WS input file, you generally won't see any of these
codes. Likely, the file simply wasn't created in WS' normal
"document" mode. (It should be. If WS' "nondocument" mode was used,
rerun EZ with ASCII mode instead as a lesser alternative. If WS
version 5.0 or later was used, first use its features or other
method to strip "graphic" codes.) Or, perhaps the EZ operator used
WP mode on a valid WS file. (Shame! For most files, EZ will catch
this--but it's worth checking.) If in fact the file was created in
WS' "document" mode, it could refer to a couple of "user-defined" or
specialty printer WS codes. But because these may have unpredictable
meaning, they should be avoided. Lastly, WS does accept codes for
which it has no use of its own. But, even though total computer
addicts could CONCEIVABLY find a value for this, it should NEVER,
EVER be used for typesetting purposes. Typesetters who discover such
symbols in files which originated from WS should contact their
client. Provide the precise location of the code and ask what may
have been intended.
(If you discover an "undocumented" feature of a particular
word processor that results in this symbol, please provide us with a
copy of both the original word processor file and EZ file. If we
modify EZ to accommodate your tip, we'll send you a complimentary
enhanced version.)
In WS mode, these codes are really "insurance" provided by EZ
for your protection. Lesser programs passively place the offending
code into the output file (in some cases stopping the typesetter
cold!) or discard it without warning (and perhaps lose important
information). . . .EZ warns of "unexpected" characters in its end-
run analysis screen.
For WP, characters which result in "number codes" signify
formatting needs of the WP program itself without an immediately
translatable typesetting counterpart. Or, in some cases, they may
have such a counterpart but quality typesetting calls for discretion
by a graphic arts pro. Working with a computer-printed copy on hand
is often helpful to typesetters working with WP files.
Unlike WS "dot commands," WP users often are unable to
explain the meaning of "number codes" (or even know they're
present!), so a list of them is provided below.
Though exhaustive explanation of "number codes" for WP is
beyond the scope of this manual (and because usage changes as WP is
from time to time revised), we can only briefly describe meanings
here. If you encounter unlisted codes, please see "undocumented"
features under the WS discussion immediately above. It is critically
important to report new WP codes, as they can be followed by large
amounts of "garbage" (from a typesetting perspective) or produce
adverse output files (especially for WP beginning with version 5.0).
With your help and a copy of the original WP file, we can quickly
update EZ to bypass related, unnecessary characters.
Note that some "number codes" have "duplicate" meanings,
which relate to similar functions in various WP versions. Because WP
beginning with version 5.0 contains elements which, until output to
normal text files, aren't compatible with typesetting, "graphics"
code meanings for some of the following or additional number codes
aren't included here.
WP "NUMBER CODES" DEFINED:
[0 through 31 are computer "control codes." EZ translates or
reports them, depending whether typesetter intervention might be
advised.]
[32 through 126 are ordinary printable characters (and
spaces), which appear in the file as such.]
[127 and 128 should always have been removed from the file by
WP. Their unlikely presence could be a pure computer malfunction, or
the file wasn't created by WP, or EZ wasn't in WP mode. If rerunning
EZ doesn't correct the problem, please report all circumstances to
Advocate Enterprises.]
<129> Right justification on
<130> Right justification off
<131> End of centered text
<132> End of aligned or flushed text
<133> Temporary starting point for math calculations
<134> Center page from top to bottom
<135> Begin column mode
<136> End column mode
<137> Tab after right margin
<138> Widow/orphan control on
<139> Widow/orphan control off
<140> Hard end-line, soft end-page
[141 processed by EZ, code suppressed]
[142 and 143 are reserved by WordPerfect Corporation. If
discovered, please report these and provide copy of WP file for
analysis.]
<144> Red line on
<145> Red line off
<146> Strike out on
<147> Strike out off
[148 and 149 refer to underscore (italic). EZ translates
them, then suppresses codes.]
[150 and 151 relate to computer screen modes and are
suppressed by EZ.]
<152> Table of contents placeholder
<153> Overstrike
<154> Cancel hyphenation of following word (strange!)
<155> End of generated text
[156 and 157 refer to bold text. See 148/149, above.]
<158> Hyphenation off
<159> Hyphenation on
<160> Hard space character
<161> Do subtotal (Author should have entered subtotal manually!)
<162> Subtotal entry
<163> Do total (See 161)
<164> Total entry
<165> Do grand total (Again, see 161)
<166> Math calculation column
<167> Begin math mode
<168> End math mode
[169 through 174 involve "soft" and "hard" hyphens in various
circumstances. EZ translates each, then suppresses the codes.]
[175 and 176 involve end of text columns under certain
circumstances. EZ translates each, then suppresses codes.]
[177 through 187 unused]
<188> Superscript
<189> Subscript
<190> Advance computer printer 1/2 line up
<191> Advance computer printer 1/2 line down
<192> Margin reset
<193> Spacing reset
<194> Left margin release
<195> Center following text
<196> Align or flush right
<197> Reset hyphenation zone
<198> Set page number position
<199> Set page number
<200> Set page number column positions
<201> Set tabs
<202> Conditional page end
<203> Set computer printer pitch/font
<204> Set temporary margin (indent)
<205> End of temporary margins (older WP versions)
<206> Set top margin
<207> Suppress page characteristics
<208> Set form length
<209> Page header/footer
[210 used by older WP versions for footnote contents
themselves. Number code suppressed by EZ after processing.]
<211> Reset footnote number (older WP versions)
<212> Advance to half line number
<213> Set lines per inch
<214> Set extended tabs
<215> Define math columns
<216> Set alignment character
<217> Set left margin release
<218> Set underline mode (method of underlining)
<219> Sheet feeder bin number
<220> End of page function (complex data)
<221> Define columns
<222> End temporary margin
<223> "Invisible characters"
<224> Left/right temporary margin
<225> Extended character
[226 used by newer WP versions for footnote/endnote contents.
Number code suppressed by EZ.]
<227> Footnote options information
<228> Reset footnote number (later WP versions)
<229> Paragraph number definition
<230> Paragraph number
<231> Begin marked text
<232> End marked text
<233> Define marked text
<234> Define index mark
<235> Date/time function
<236> Block protect
[237 through 240 not assigned or discovered in WP files]
[241 and 243 are two code found in WP v. 4.2, meaning
unknown. We found no useful typesetting purpose after detailed
review. If found in files, please advise.]
[242, 244 through 256 not assigned or discovered.]
"High Bits"
(For The Technically Inclined Only)
Like many word processors, WS utilizes the "unused" eighth bit of an
ASCII character for various purposes. After completing line-end
inspection (since "hard" and "soft" line ends are identical except
for the eighth bit), and after looking for a special code which
tells WS to change the default left margin--a function incompatible
with typesetting--EZ resets the extra bit to avoid problems for
typesetters.
WP uses most of the 128 possible computer characters with
high bits "on" for a different purpose--formatting codes. A single
character, a specific number of characters, or an unspecified number
of characters until a specified terminating character is encountered
tells WP something (e.g., "turn on bold" or "following is a footnote
until terminator reached"). So for WP, EZ must identify what each of
these codes is and handle it according to rules assigned to it.
ASCII files in theory don't contain characters with high bits
"on." So in this instance EZ discards them as meaningless.
Otherwise, in ASCII files created with some operating systems you
would find a bundle of such garbage characters at the end of
virtually every file--a real nuisance for the typesetter!
(Those "funny characters" you may have seen in files from
time to time were caused by an unwanted eighth bit. For typesetters,
those days are gone with EZ!)
EASYTYPE END-RUN ANALYSIS & WARNING MESSAGES
After translating a file, EZ provides a summary report, which varies
according to the word processing mode in use (WordPerfect, etc.) and
the nature of what EZ has determined.
If it appears virtually certain the file being translated was
NOT created by the word processor whose mode was selected from the
main menu, EZ skips its usual statistical analysis and simply
advises of the problem. (The typesetting file IS, however, saved for
review, if desired. In certain, rare cases the file might be usable.
A good "test" is to compare the size of input and output files. In
almost all cases, a valid output file will be the same size as or
larger than the input file. If substantially smaller, almost
certainly the output file is useless.)
IMPORTANT NOTE: The mentioned general file-format tests do
NOT apply to Generic/ASCII mode. So be careful that you don't
inadvertently use this mode for other files. Noting file sizes is
always a good idea!
For input files which appear proper, EZ provides a detailed
analysis--and possibly warning messages.
The first statistics summarize work performed--the amount of
which may shock you, especially for WS and WP files!)
EZ then reports whether any "bad" characters were encountered
and marked. The discussion above about <{>, <#>, etc. describes most
of these. These aren't errors, but are cause for rewriting text (in
some cases), or selecting typefaces which accommodate them (other
cases). This warning also refers to potential errors and problems
(see discussion under "<1> to <256>," above).
For WP, starting and ending footnote/endnote numbers are
shown. If you have related files which continue the same numbering
scheme, note the highest number reported so you can continue the
numbering correctly with Options Menu 1 for the next file.
Then, for WS or WP, a section reports whether the number of
bold, italic (underscore) and (for WS) "double-strike" codes
matched. If not, it's almost certainly unintended and should be
corrected before typesetting. The "start-bold" and "end-bold" codes,
for example, placed in the output file by EZ almost certainly will
be incorrect after the point of author error. You may want to locate
the error by searching for <BOLD> codes and inspecting for nearby
<MAIN> codes. If you don't find the latter for an extended section,
you've probably located the error, and may be able to determine
where a title or whatever should have a <MAIN> ending symbol. If so,
it's wisest to correct the problem with the original word processing
program, then use EZ again.
Similarly, for all word processor modes, EZ then reports
whether the angled brackets characters ("<" and ">") generally used
for "comments to typesetter" and specific typesetting codes also
were paired. If not, disaster may lurk unless the error is found!
(If they aren't paired, the number of left and right symbols are
reported so you will know how many potential problems to fix.) Note
that any angled brackets inserted through EZ Options Menu functions
are NOT checked for pairing, permitting maximum power by experienced
users.
Then, EZ reminds you of the word processing mode and code-
reporting format in use. If an unusual number of warnings are
indicated by EZ statistics, it's particularly wise to double-check
the word processing mode to ensure the wrong one wasn't selected.
For files larger than about 20K (which create problems for
some typesetters--even loss of data without notice in microVISION)
EZ displays a flashing filesize as a warning. In such cases,
consider using the original word processing program to break the
file into smaller ones--then rerun EZ.
Lastly, EZ asks whether you want to return to the main menu.
If you respond negatively, EZ returns you to the operating system.
~ (Section 7)
<< USER-ADDED INFORMATION >>
Graphic arts studios and computer dealers with an EASYTYPE
resale distributorship license, as well as licensed EASYTYPE end
users, may add notes and other information for their purposes here.
Begin by following a basic computer precaution of editing ONLY a
back-up copy of EASYTYPE.HLP. A word processor capable of ASCII
output must be used. (For WordStar, select "nondocument" rather than
normal "document" mode from its main menu when creating your file.
For WordPerfect, save the output file in "DOS" format.) NOTE: Be
sure all text remains BELOW the line "<< USER-ADDED INFORMATION >>"
and ABOVE the (undisplayed) line "~(Section 8)." Failure to follow
these precautions may cause adverse effects when EASYTYPE.HLP is run
by EZHELP.EXE or EZHELP.COM.
~(Section 8)
<< LICENSE AGREEMENT, CREDITS & DISCLAIMER >>
EASYTYPE.EXE, EZHELP.EXE, EZ-SHARE.EXE, AEORDER.EXE, (EASYTYPE.COM,
EZHELP.COM EZ-SHARE.COM and AEORDER.COM for some operating systems),
EASYTYPE.HLP, README.COM, EZMONEY.COM, plus all accompanying
materials (together referred to as "EASYTYPE" below) are copyright
(c) 1986-90, J.W. Olsen / Advocate Enterprises, Ltd., all rights
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J.W. Olsen / Advocate Enterprises, Ltd. has taken due care in
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is made. In no event shall J.W. Olsen / Advocate Enterprises, Ltd.
be liable for damages, including incidental or consequential
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Upon payment of the registration licensing fee ($49.95 at
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Users who have received a complimentary copy of the full-
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Credits:
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~